Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Female Kabaddi Athletes: Insights from Event PON XXI 2024 for Enhanced Prevention and Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53905/inspiree.v6i02.145Keywords:
Sports Injury Epidemiology, Injury Risk Factors, Female Contact Sport Athletes, Kabaddi Injury Patterns, Athlete Health and Performance, Sports Medicine and Injury ManagementAbstract
The purpose of the study. This research examines injury patterns, prevalence, and management in female Kabaddi athletes from North Sumatra during the PON XXI 2024 competition, addressing a gap in sports medicine regarding the physiological challenges faced by women in this contact sport. Kabaddi's lack of research on female athletes contributes to a significant deficit in understanding its physiological impact on women.
Materials and methods. The study utilized a quantitative descriptive design with 22 female national Kabaddi athletes from North Sumatra, employing structured surveys, clinical assessments, and systematic injury documentation for comprehensive athlete health evaluation. The methodology comprised pre-competition medical screenings, post-competition injury documentation, and follow-up on recovery and rehabilitation, utilizing advanced statistical methods including descriptive analysis, frequency distributions, and correlation investigations, with significance testing established at p < 0.05.
Results. Findings indicated a 100% injury rate among participants, highlighting the extreme demands of competitive Kabaddi, with the most common injuries being muscular strains (36.4%), joint sprains (27.3%), contusions (18.2%), and other soft tissue injuries (18.2%). The severity profile revealed 45.5% of injuries were mild (Grade I), 36.4% moderate (Grade II), and 18.2% severe (Grade III), with significant correlations identified between training intensity and injury occurrence (p = 0.015), body composition and injury susceptibility (p = 0.025), and age and injury risk (p = 0.042). Injury distribution showed lower limb injuries at 54.5%, upper limb injuries at 27.3%, and trunk/core injuries at 18.2%, with primary injury mechanisms including direct contact trauma (45.5%), overextension (27.3%), rapid directional change (18.2%), and repetitive stress (9.1%). Rehabilitation outcomes indicated an 86.4% recovery success rate, although a 13.6% recurring injury rate emphasized the need for comprehensive athlete management strategies.
Conclusions. This research challenges prevailing norms in sports medicine by promoting gender-specific injury prevention, personalized management, and thorough monitoring. The study offers crucial insights into the injury patterns of female Kabaddi athletes and advocates for tailored approaches to athlete health and performance. By examining the complex interactions among physiological factors, training demands, and injury mechanisms, the research establishes a comprehensive framework for enhancing athlete care, preventive measures, and long-term sustainability in high-intensity sports.
References
Adnan, N. M. N., Patar, M. N. A. A., Lee, H., Yamamoto, S., Jong-Young, L., & Mahmud, J. (2018). Biomechanical analysis using Kinovea for sports application. In IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 342, p. 12097). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/342/1/012097
Agrawal, A. (2011). Unilateral multi-compartmental chronic subdural hematoma in a kabaddi player. In Indian Journal of Neurotrauma (Vol. 8, Issue 1, p. 43). Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0508(11)80024-9
Asha, D., & N, C. (2022). Analytic approach to video analysis on skill performance of Pro Kabaddi matches. In International Journal of Physiology Nutrition and Physical Education (Vol. 7, Issue 2, p. 89). https://doi.org/10.22271/journalofsport.2022.v7.i2b.2563
Buchheit, M., Settembre, M., Hader, K., & McHugh, D. (2023). Exposures to near-to-maximal speed running bouts during different turnarounds in elite football: association with match hamstring injuries. In Biology of Sport (Vol. 40, Issue 4, p. 1057). Termedia Publishing House. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.125595
Bukhary, H., Basha, N. A., Dobel, A. A., Alsufyani, R. M., Alotaibi, R. A., & Almadani, S. H. (2023). Prevalence and Pattern of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports. In Cureus. Cureus, Inc. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49759
Cheung, R. T. H., Smith, A., & Wong, D. P. (2012). H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players. In Journal of Human Kinetics (Vol. 33, Issue 2012, p. 63). De Gruyter Open. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0045-1
Comstock, R. D., & Fields, S. K. (2020). The Eternally Wounded Athlete: How Medical Professionals and Sports Injury Researchers Have Limited Female Athletes’ Sport Participation and Biased the Interpretation of Sports Injury Research. In Current Epidemiology Reports (Vol. 7, Issue 4, p. 327). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00255-0
Dahiya, S., & Kumar, D. (2023). A literature review study on kabaddi injuries. In International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health (Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 226). AkiNik Publications. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2023.v10.i3d.2949
Dandrieux, P., Navarro, L., Blanco, D., Ruffault, A., Ley, C., Bruneau, A., Chapon, J., Hollander, K., & Édouard, P. (2023). Relationship between a daily injury risk estimation feedback (I-REF) based on machine learning techniques and actual injury risk in athletics (track and field): protocol for a prospective cohort study over an athletics season. In BMJ Open (Vol. 13, Issue 5). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069423
Dey, S. K., Khanna, G. L., & Batra, M. (1993). Morphological and physiological studies on Indian national kabaddi players. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 27, Issue 4, p. 237). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.27.4.237
Eckard, T. G., Padua, D. A., Hearn, D. W., Pexa, B. S., & Frank, B. S. (2023). The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Athletes. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-018-0951-z
Female Athlete Issues for the Team Physician: A Consensus. (2024). https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/fulltext/2018/05000/female_athlete_issues_for_the_team_physician__a.26.aspx
Frank, R. M., Romeo, A. A., Bush-Joseph, C. A., & Bach, B. R. (2017a). Injuries to the Female Athlete in 2017: Part I General Considerations, Concussions, Stress Fractures, and the Female Athlete Triad. https://journals.lww.com/01874474-201710000-00006
Frank, R. M., Romeo, A. A., Bush-Joseph, C. A., & Bach, B. R. (2017b). Injuries to the Female Athlete in 2017: Part II: Upper and Lower-Extremity Injuries. https://journals.lww.com/01874474-201710000-00007
Franklin, C. C. (2017). The Female Athlete: Key Differences Between Girls and Boys. In NASN School Nurse (Vol. 32, Issue 5, p. 318). SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602x17700650
Gupta, R., Kapoor, A., & Masih, G. D. (2020). Prevalence of concomitant knee injuries associated with anterior cruciate ligament tear in kabaddi and football players. In Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma (Vol. 11). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.037
Howe, L. P., Waldron, M., & Read, P. (2024). A Systems-Based Approach to Injury Prevention. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/fulltext/2017/12000/a_systems_based_approach_to_injury_prevention_for.6.aspx
Hussain, U., & Cunningham, G. B. (2020). ‘These are “our” sports’: Kabaddi and Kho-Kho women athletes from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In International Review for the Sociology of Sport (Vol. 56, Issue 7, p. 1051). SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690220968111
Ireland, M. L., & Ott, S. M. (2004). Special concerns of the female athlete [Review of Special concerns of the female athlete]. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 23(2), 281. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2004.04.003
KS, N., GR, M., & HB, R. (2022). Analysis of the range of motion with respect to selected joints among female Kabaddi players. In International Journal of Physiology Nutrition and Physical Education (Vol. 7, Issue 2, p. 98). https://doi.org/10.22271/journalofsport.2022.v7.i2b.2565
Lieber, R. L., & Frid�n, J. (2000). Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture [Review of Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture]. Muscle & Nerve, 23(11), 1647. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::aid-mus1>3.0.co;2-m
Lorenz, D., & Reiman, M. P. (2011). The role and implementation of eccentric training in athletic rehabilitation: tendinopathy, hamstring strains, and acl reconstruction. In PubMed. National Institutes of Health. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21655455
McAllister, T. W., Broglio, S. P., Katz, B. P., Perkins, S. M., LaPradd, M., Zhou, W., & McCrea, M. (2023). Characteristics and Outcomes of Athletes With Slow Recovery From Sports-Related Concussion. In Neurology (Vol. 100, Issue 14). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000206853
Michalopoulos, N. V., Raptis, G. E., Katsini, C., Chrysikos, T., Mamalakis, M., & Vigotsky, A. D. (2016). A Personalised Monitoring and Recommendation Framework for Kinetic Dysfunctions (p. 1). https://doi.org/10.1145/3003733.3003786
Naik, C., & Chinte, V. V. (2023). A study on the state trait anxiety of rural and urban Kabaddi players of Sindhudurg District (M.S.). https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/3/3292.pdf
Park, K., & Kim, C.-W. (2020). Injuries in Elite Korean Kabaddi Athletes: A Epidemiological Study. In Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine (Vol. 15, Issue 2, p. 57). https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2020.15.2.57
Pozzato, I., Tran, Y., Gopinath, B., Cameron, I. D., & Craig, A. (2023). The importance of self-regulation and mental health for effective recovery after traffic injuries: A comprehensive network analysis approach. In Journal of Psychosomatic Research (Vol. 177, p. 111560). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111560
Read, P., Oliver, J. L., & Lloyd, R. S. (2020). Seven Pillars of Prevention: Effective Strategies for Strength and Conditioning Coaches to Reduce Injury Risk and Improve Performance in Young Athletes. In Strength and conditioning journal (Vol. 42, Issue 6, p. 120). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000588
Risberg, M. A., Steffen, K., Nilstad, A., Myklebust, G., Kristianslund, E. K., Moltubakk, M. M., & Krosshaug, T. (2018). Normative Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Strength Values for Female, Healthy, Elite Handball and Football Players. In The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (Vol. 32, Issue 8, p. 2314). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002579
ROSE, M., & Metzl, J. D. (2004). Gender and Sports: Past, Present, and Future. In Elsevier eBooks (p. 48). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012440905-7/50270-x
Shepherd, J., Rowlands, D. D., & James, D. (2016). A Skill Acquisition Based Framework for Aiding Lower Limb Injury Rehabilitation using a Single Inertial Sensor with Concurrent Visual Feedback. In Procedia Engineering (Vol. 147, p. 632). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.260
Silvers-Granelli, H., Cohen, M., Espregueira‐Mendes, J., & Mandelbaum, B. R. (2020). Hamstring muscle injury in the athlete: state of the art. In Journal of ISAKOS Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 170). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2017-000145
Singh, T. P. (2021a). Comparative study of muscular power and speed between the circle style male kabaddi players of Punjabi University Patiala and Panjab University Chandigarh. In International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health (Vol. 8, Issue 3, p. 158). AkiNik Publications. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2021.v8.i3c.2076
Singh, T. P. (2021b). Comparison of muscular power and muscular strength endurance level between the circle style male kabaddi players of Panjab University Chandigarh and Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar. In International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health (Vol. 8, Issue 6, p. 29). AkiNik Publications. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2021.v8.i6a.2276
Soligard, T., Palmer, D., Steffen, K., Lópes, A. D., Grant, M., Kim, D.-S., Lee, S. Y., Salmina, N., Toresdahl, B. G., Chang, J. Y., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2019). Sports injury and illness incidence in the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games: a prospective study of 2914 athletes from 92 countries. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 53, Issue 17, p. 1085). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100236
Utama, M. B. R., Adi, S., & Subekti, M. (2022). The Height and Weight Analysis of Men’s Kabaddi Athlete in Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211125.106
Vetter, R. E. and Symonds, M. L. (2010). Correlations between injury, training intensity, and physical and mental exhaustion among college athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(3), 587-596. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c7c2eb
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Al Munawar, Şenay Şen, Fili Azadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
